What Is Human Nature - 1735 Words

1. By observing and analyzing the context of previous time periods, anthropology was certainly not created by accident or mistake. At the end of the 18th century, the Enlightenment period was occurring. This produced two products during the time period. First, humans were able to possess a newfound understanding of general principals in which the world works. They wanted to know all about universal human nature, such as why all human beings are alike. Secondly, out of the Enlightenment, we have an intellectual ability to understand the world through science. Defined, science is an empirical methodology in which accurate descriptive data is logically analyzed, resulting in defensible, logical conclusions. The dilemma with answering the†¦show more content†¦2. According to Edward Burnett Tylor, anthropology is considered a â€Å"reformer science†. Tylor means to say this, since anthropology (a science) itself, is meant to benefit reformers. Defined, a reformer is an ind ividual who wants to improve conditions of human beings. Tylor himself suggests that the science of anthropology can provide a service to reformers. One specific problem that reformers face is constituting what actually is improvement to society. Tylor states that both subjective opinion and objective opinion are often confused. From class, we learned all about the Shakers during the early 19th century America. The Shakers planned to improve the quality of marriage by abolishing marriage completely. Meanwhile, the Perfectionists planned to improve marriage by expanding it to everyone (quite the opposite of the Shaker’s motives). All of the men would be married to all of the women. By viewing these two opposing standpoints, which will actually show improvement? According to Tylor, reformers need an objective mechanism to determine what improvement actually is. Tylor also goes onto say that the scientology of anthropology is used to determine human nature. Once human nature is physically discovered, we can use that as a scale to evaluate reform projects. During mid-19th century America, there was widespread segregation and slavery that evolved on the basis that race is a definitive

Christian Worldview And The Natural World - 914 Words

Introduction/Thesis In today’s society, there are many factors that contribute to worldviews. People look at life differently and draw conclusions based on their experiences. A Christian worldview is how a Christian interprets the world and how they decide to interact with others. In a letter to Rome, the Apostle Paul communicates standards that are essential to the Christian worldview. In his correspondence, Paul conveys how certain aspects of a worldview relate to the natural world, human identity, human relationship and culture. As we learn these underlying ideas that shape our worldview, it is important to remember we are God created and as humans our Christian worldview is accomplished through our Creator God, the Spirit of God, the word of God, and the body of God which is His church. God in all His glory affects how we interpret and interact with others. The Natural World In the first chapter of the book of Romans, Paul teaches that people know God because He reveals his very existence in the world he created. In creation God reveals His power and authority over all things. Paul describes the sinful and wicked state the world is in. (NLT, Rom.1:19-23) Through Paul’s eyes, we are able to see how the sinful nature of man has corrupted the natural world and angered God. When we learn these truths, we understand that, even though we live in a sinful world, we do not have to submit to sin. Paul reveals in his letter that the power of God at work in us saves those whoShow MoreRelatedBiblical Vs. Biblical Worldview1182 Words   |  5 PagesWhen one looks at the world through a Biblical lens, they lay a foundation for becoming an agent of change, standing apart from society and pointing others towards Christ. A truly Biblical worldview is one which results in the believer honoring Christ and clearly set apart from the world. Every worldview has a set of underlying assumptions which influence how one sees the world, and a Biblical worldview is no different. What is different is that these assumptions can be tied back to Christ. ThisRead MoreGod Is Red : A Native View Of Religion912 Words   |  4 Pageswithin America has many difficulties including how the Christian and Native perspectives on many issues, including history, time and land, was informative and enlightening. The issues between the conflicting viewpoints on creation, history and how it effects our present American culture has been an interest to me. I want to focus on the chapter on Death and Religion where the contrast between the Christian worldview and the Native worldview have informed and influenced our cultural as a whole andRead MoreA Book Critique of The Advancement: Keeping the Faith in an Evolutionary Age1389 Words   |  6 PagesBush’s Christian apologetic work, The Advancement: Keeping the Faith in an Evolutionary Age, he details the development and apparent fallacy associated with the modern naturalist worldview. Bush, a professor at Southeast Baptist Theological Seminary, focuses on the idea of inevitable progression within the modern worldview and provides an overview of this view’s promulgation within epistemology. Bush asserts Christians are no longer socially the majority in their beliefs regarding a world createdRead MoreWorldview : A Christian Worldview1578 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscussed the different worldviews that an individual may have. This class has taught me that a worldview is how an individual understands the world and their place in it. â€Å"A worldview consist of what a person believes to be real and true, what a person values, how a person makes decisions, and what forms a person’s desires, longings, and goals† (Fuller, Lecture One). An individual’s worldview is the motivating force behind their every emotion, decision, and action. A worldview is what helps an individualRea d MoreThe Question of Origin According to Hinduism871 Words   |  4 Pages Hinduism Worldview The Question of Origin – Hinduism considers no specific moment of origin. They believe everything as timeless and always existing. The oldest religious text of Hinduism are the Vedas (Veda means knowledge) containing hymns to various deities of sun, moon, earth, sky, wind, and night. These deities were not considered the creators, although Brahman is considered the â€Å"all in one force† (Halverson). Brahman is â€Å"the womb of both the existent and the nonexistent† (Shattuck) andRead MoreThe Worldview And Its Impact On My Worldview1608 Words   |  7 PagesOver the years my worldview has evolved from as a by product of cultural influence, to one steeped in my belief of God. However, until I got married 4 years ago, I had never actively worked on developing my Christian theistic worldview. Brown, Phillips and Stonestreet (2008) described a persons’ worldview as the framework that guides our beliefs and viewpoints (p. 21). With this in mind, I have established 3 main tenants of my worl dview, God is, the universe was and morality will be. These are theRead MoreOur Worldview Into The Classroom, A Secular And Christian School Environment930 Words   |  4 Pagestoday’s society it is hard to be a teacher; especially, in a secular school. The students in this setting need Christian teachers more than anything. The children today need to have a teacher that has biblical values and understands just how important it is to live by these values. Before stepping foot into a classroom, a teacher really needs to understand that each child’s worldview will make a difference as to how the teacher leads her instruction and how the students processes the instructionRead MoreThe Book Of Romans By Paul1024 Words   |  5 Pagesa biblical worldview can be illustrated by Paul when it comes to explaining the natural world, our human identity, human relationships, and culture. The Natural World With regards to the natural world, Romans 1:20 clearly states that â€Å"For ever since the world was created, people have seen the earth and sky. Through everything God made, they can clearly see his invisible qualities – his eternal power and divine nature. So they have no excuse for not knowing God† (NLT). The world was made perfectRead MoreEssay about 4-Mat Review Entwistle1220 Words   |  5 Pages 4-MAT Review of Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity Summary In his book Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity, David N. Entwistle explores the necessity of integrating psychology and Christianity, the worldview issues, philosophical foundations, models of integration and discusses the difficulty in doing so. It is often thought that there are secular jobs, such as a psychologist or counselor, and there are ministry jobs. Entwistle points out that God hasRead MoreApol 104 Worldview Assignment1438 Words   |  6 Pages2012    Worldview Assignment   Ã‚  Part I: What is a world view? A worldview is easily described as the person’s perception of the world around them and is the framework for decision making. You can think of a worldview like a pair of glasses. When you look out of those glasses what do you see? Dr. Weider in his presentation gave an example; if your glasses are red then everything around you will be red. (Weider amp; Gotierrez, 2011) This is the same for worldview. Everyone has a worldview if they

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission †Church and State Violation Free Essays

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Church and state violation If the criteria of Matthew and Thomas’ â€Å"Christian-only† hiring policy was spread across to all religions, then they could probably get away with it as long as the employment contracts with employees state such. If this were for a school and they had more than 15 employees, then they would have to have posters posted under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 informing employees of their rights with the utilization of the language approved by the EEOC. We will write a custom essay sample on Equal Employment Opportunity Commission – Church and State Violation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Under the Great Commission Perspective this policy would be advisable. Being raised Baptist, currently non-denominational,some of my old Baptist fundamentalist views came into play. Being raised Baptist, I was taught that it is our rights as Christians to setup outreach ministries, missionaries, and bring as many souls to the kingdom as possible by ministering to people we meet on a day to day basis, even if this means going door to door. This goes hand in hand with several passages from the Bible. In re-reading Genesis 12: 1-3, the Great Commission Perspective, Gen. 8: 14-15 and Matthew 28: 18-20, we see the promise of God for our lives as well as the duties expected of us as Christians. â€Å"And Jesus came and spake unto them, saying, All power is given unto me in heaven and in earth. Go ye therefore, and teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost: Teaching them to observe all things whatsoever I have commanded you: and, lo, I am with you always, even unto the end of the world. Amen. † (Matthew 28: 18-20, KJV). In verse 19, Jesus charges us to teach all nations and baptize them in the name of the trinity. Verse 20 is our assurance, His promise that he is with us always, until the end of the world as we know it. â€Å"And thy seed shall be as the dust of the earth, and thou shalt spread abroad to the west, and to the east, and to the north, and to the south: and in thee and in thy seed shall all the families of the earth be blessed. â€Å"And, behold, I am with thee, and will keep thee in all places whither thou goest, and will bring thee again into this land; for I will not leave thee, until I have done that which I have spoken to thee of. (Genesis 28:14-15, KJV). In verse 14 we shall travel all ends of the earth saving souls for Christ and as a result of our faithfulness to God’s word, our children and generations to come will be blessed. Verse 15 is God’s promise that he is with us until the end and will keep us, protect us, and will not forsake us. Other scripture that comes to mind that gives the same instruction based on the Great Commission Perspective is,  "And he said unto them, Go ye into all the world, and preach the gospel to every creature. † (Mark 16:15, KJV). We can also look at the book of Luke for the same instructions, â€Å"And that repentance and remission of sins should be preached in his name among all nations, beginning at Jerusalem. † (Luke 24:47, KJV). Like Paul, some of us are meant to be apostles, setting up churches for the greater good of the kingdom and overseeing them to ensure that kingdom work is being carried out. Even though Thomas and Matthew have a good idea in regards to their hiring policy of Christians only, in my opinion it would only be foreseeable in a perfect world and in my own utopia. With so many laws that protect others religious beliefs, it makes it hard to turn a profit with such a policy in place, especially if they are looking for federal assistance in regards to utilizing tax payer dollars. My answers would change drastically if Thomas and Matthew were opening a Christian school rather than a manufacturing company. The conditions and laws change in matthew and thomas’ favor greatly. Being a school means that they have the freedom to carry out these hiring policies. Under the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Title VII allows churches and religious organizations to discriminate on the basis of religion (Bagley Savage p. 68). Under the RFRA, Religious Freedom Restoration Act 1993, federal grant programs can exempt Christian relief organizations from prohibitions against hiring only those of its own faith, (p. 136). During the Bush Administration, more funds were appropriated for expansion of religious hiring rights, including issuance of an executive order th at set the policy for federal administration agencies, (Esbeck, Carlson-Thies, Sider). Christian schools need a Christian only hiring policy in my opinion because it protects the morals, values and ethics of the Bible and how each professor uses it in accordance with everyday learning. You have people who study the word and know the word, but don’t live by the word, including some Christians, but when it comes to instructing others on how to live according to the Bible (Basic Instructions Before Leaving Earth), then a hiring policy that discriminates against religious preference makes sense. These principles are maintained by the federal government when it comes to hiring for Head Start programs and for the Workforce Investment Act References Carl H. Esbeck Stanley W. Carlson-Thies Ronald J. Sider http://www. religionandsocialpolicy. org/docs/religiousstaffing. pdf How to cite Equal Employment Opportunity Commission – Church and State Violation, Papers

Sustainable Tourism Through Alternative Forms of Tourism free essay sample

Sustainable tourism is only achievable through the development of alternative and new forms of tourism. Critically discuss this statement with reference to one or more examples of alternative tourism in developed or developing countries. The development of Sustainable Tourism has allowed society to meet their own present needs, without compromising such needs of future generations (Weaver and Lawton, 2010). Much attention in relation to sustainable tourism has been devoted to Alternative Tourism. Alternative Tourism aims to preserve environmental, economical and socio-cultural impacts tourists have on a destination. This paper will explore the benefits and criticisms of sustainability by a means of Alternative Tourism and also the threat regarding Alternative Tourism potentially developing into Mass Tourism. Tourists visit foreign countries to obtain a sense of paradise, and dabble in a society that has not yet been corrupted (Buchner, 2003). Sustainable Tourism aims to provide such paradise by meeting the needs of tourists, without effecting the economy, environment and society in a detrimental way. Thus far, Sustainable Tourism has had a vast variety of implications, such as ethical considerations and the suggestion that it may just be a marketing ploy (Lansing and Vries, 2007). It also has been confused with Ecotourism, a form of tourism that places emphasis on a sustainable connection with the natural environment (Weaver and Lawton, 2010). However, Ecotourism is actually a form of Alternative Tourism and potentially Mass Tourism (Weaver and Lawton, 2010) thus fitting with a number of other new forms of tourism. Alternative tourism has emerged and assumed to be effective in developing countries (Britton 1979). Alternative tourism is a substitute to the mass standard tourism, which is tourism that has the implication of culture being co modified and staged for culture consumption (McIntosh and Zahara, 2007), as philosophy and attitudes are dissimilar and the combination of tourist products and/or services are different from Mass Tourism. Forms of Alternative Tourism include Indigenous tourism, Pro-poor tourism, Community-based tourism, Ecotourism, Adventure tourism, Fair-Trade tourism, Educational tourism and Volunteer Tourism (Newsome, Moore and Dowling, 002). For example, Fair-Trade tourism seeks to create a partnership between the local people at destinations, by providing social, cultural and economical benefits through adhering to national laws and establishing strong First World/Third World structures (Mowforth and Munt, 1998). A key focus on changing consumption levels lead to the establishment of tourism Concern’s International Fair Trade in Tourism Network. It found that to preserve attractions of destinations, whilst providing benefits it was substantial to adopt ethical trading practices (www. ourismconcern. org. uk). Another successful alternative form of tourism takes place in Bulgaria. Here, resources for Alternative Tourism are diverse and it combines preserved nature with unique cultural and historical heritage, moderate climates, beautiful landscapes and hospital people who welcome differences and respecting traditions. They implement thematic tourism, which involves a connection between the cultural and historical heritage, the religion, traditional cuisine, wine, traditional music and handcrafts. They focus on the idea that Bulgaria is a place to rest and relax, whilst connecting with nature and that it should thus be a high priority and responsibility to preserve nature (Illev, 2006). This form of tourism is attractive to a tourist whom is seeking to escape the â€Å"daily grind† and thus has made Bulgaria a sustainable income base for such an alternative form of tourism. It is often assumed that the basis of alternative tourism is a â€Å"green† strategy (Butler, 1992), as the objective is to reduce negative impacts environmentally. However, this is not completely the case as preserving the environment is only one of the objectives. The problem with this assumption is that research has indicated the demand for holidays that are â€Å"green† is low, and thus it may not lead to sustainable tourism. This coincides with the statement of some companies suggesting they will only attempt to achieve sustainable tourism if they can see a strong market demand for eco-friendly holidays (Forsythe, 2006). On the other hand, however, consumer activation has indicated that there are actually a number of people increasingly willing to purchase and consume environmentally friendly products. A study from the International Hotels Environment Initiative and Accor has shown 90% of hotel guests to prefer residing in a hotel that has a strong focus on the environment (Mensah, 2004). From such demand the green strategy has become more centralized with a greater willingness to pay a premium for green products, corporate image, employee morale, and customer satisfaction and demand (Manaktola and Jauhari, 2007). Thus, this allows us to conclude that Sustainable Tourism can only be achieved through each alternative form of tourism adapting to meet the demand of the market (Forsythe, 2006). A different, but increasingly popular new form of tourism is Volunteer Tourism. It has been argued that it is vital to a model of alternative cultural tourism, as intrinsic motivation was found to be evoked within the tourist, when such experience was endured, thus being beneficial to both the host and volunteer, and provides a meaningful interaction (Wearing and Neil, 2000). It has been said that traditional interaction between the host and tourist is rewritten through the tourist’s encounter. This is because it is actively contrived together by the host and the tourist (McIntosh and Zahra, 2007). This approach provides the potential opportunity of volunteer tourism fostering creative, alternative and more sustainable types of tourism and tourism activity (McIntosh and Zahra, 2007). Furthermore, it is a form that conforms to the ideology that was promoted by the initial pioneers of Sustainable Tourism and unites with the principles of those who encourage creative tourism as an alternative option of Cultural Tourism (Richard and Wilson, 2006). One of the many criticisms of such new form of tourism, however, involves the ethics of Volunteer tourism as a ‘best practice’ alterative of tourism (Wearing, 2004). Such example involves the idea of viewing Volunteer Tourism as a contributor to the limitation of self-sufficiency in communities. Alternative forms of tourism do have disadvantages and criticisms. These can include clan or group rivalries, advocates being bias and uncritical, modest economic returns, control assumed by local elite, reflections of â€Å"Western† values, and the fact that locals may actually prefer Mass Tourism (Weaver and Opperman, 2000). Furthermore, it can be quite difficult to achieve sustainability through alternative tourism due to inadequate resources, management, control systems and income, and if proper controls are not in place it may be difficult to distinguish between Mainstream Tourism and Alternative Tourism (Leksakundilok, 2006). For example, Backpacking Tourism has created a blur between Mass Tourism and Alternative Tourism (Welk, 2004), as the search for greater and more authentic experiences, as backpackers, pushes them to access remote places, thus ironically contributing to their commercialisation (Zurick, 1995). Alternative tourism is often introduced because tourists are seeking different conventions to what they are use to and also because they have been influenced by marketing concepts that have lead them to believe that conventional and mainstream tourism is irresponsible. The former point derives from the idea that some tourists want to get away from crowded destinations and experience authentic culture. The problem with authentic culture is that what is authentic to some people, may be inauthentic to others (Pearce and Moscardo, 1986), similar to that of what Alternative Tourism appears to be. A successful authentic tourist attraction involves New Zealand Maori tourism. It is a combination of entertainment, arts and crafts, cultural interpretation and accommodation operations and there appears to be a large demand for this type of tourism. However, problems arise when there are misunderstandings about the cultural performances and it can be argued, for example, that on one level all copies of local art are â€Å"authentic† because they convey a meaning of their own (Weaver and Lawton, 2010). For example, the increased demand of Maori cultural performances and products have been a result from an attempt to facilitate economic development for Maori communities and, as such, have been criticized as being a vague insight to the culture, only focusing on traditional cultural perspectives. This has hence lead to the idea that tourists are enduring superficial and stereotypical experiences (McIntosh, 2004). So how can alternative forms of tourism be sustainable if what the alternative is, may not be perceived as authentic? To answer such question and meet tourists demands for authentic and real experiences of culture, Maori communities, for example, are attempting to provide a more engaging, sincere and meaningful interaction between tourists and the Maori people, hence, providing an â€Å"alternative† experience to the stereotypical and superficial performances that have critics rampant (Taylor, 2001). This allows us to conclude that sustainability will only occur if the alternative form is perceived as authentic. Sustainability in any development is generally only successful with support of the local population and if the attitudes of the host population oppose the new forms of tourism, the development may stop (Gyrsoy and Rutherford, 2004). Furthermore, new forms of tourism are suggested to not be able to be sustained unless it is urbanized through local initiatives, which are consistent and harmonious with the local environment, community and cultures. For example, Volunteer Tourism is centralised around the essence that contributions to the host communities exist in form of socio-cultural, economical and environmental benefits, however for sustainability to occur a â€Å"moral agenda† or a â€Å"practical route map† must be addressed and treated with utmost importance (Macbeth, 1994). Through such emphasis, a strong and reciprocated relationship between the tourists participating, and the host community can be developed, and has shown that Volunteer tourism, as an alternative and new form or tourism, can not only improve aspects of the hosts’ communities environmentally, but also provide a vast variety of social and personal benefits to the participant, which include social network systems and an increased understanding of social and environmental issues (McGehee, 2002). The biggest problem with Sustainable Tourism being achieved through alternative forms of tourism is the major factor of time. How long can new forms of tourism remain alternatives from Mass Tourism? The more global issues are being recognised from impacts of tourism, the more tourists are becoming aware of how they travel (McGehee, 2002). Thus the emergence of Ecotourism occurred in order to keep impacts of the tourist activity at bay. Nevertheless, even with such emergence, the more popular the activity becomes, the more impacts it may have, for example the sensitizing of ecosystems, stressing wildlife, contributing to soil erosion, deteriorating the quality of water and exacerbating coral reef destruction (Debarbieri, 2008). However, if a control system is in place and management is of a high importance, destinations of alternative forms of tourism can provide a sustainable base where both Mass Tourism is prevented and the impacts of such are avoided, through the alternative forms of tourism (Westerhausen, 2002). In conclusion sustainability is achieved through alternative forms of tourism, however whether or not the negatives out number the positives is yet to be concluded. This paper explored both the benefits and detrimental issues that are extracted from new forms of tourism, however it can be set in stone that if a control system is in place and importance is imposed on a highly managed route system to sustainability, Alternative Tourism is definitely a method of achieving such objective.

Art Final Flashcard

Art Final

Robert K. Merton (1910-2003) - Sociologist Profile

Robert K. Merton (1910-2003) - Sociologist Profile Best known for developing theories of deviance,  as well as the concepts of self-fulfilling prophecy and role model, Robert K. Merton is considered one of Americas most influential social scientists.  Robert K. Merton was born July 4, 1910 and died February 23, 2003. Early Life and Education Robert K. Merton was born Meyer R. Schkolnick in Philadelphia into a working class Eastern European Jewish Immigrant family. He changed his name at the age of 14 to Robert Merton, which evolved out of a teenage career as an amateur magician as he blended the names of famous magicians. Merton attended Temple College for undergraduate work and Harvard for graduate work, studying sociology at both and earning his doctorate degree in 1936. Career and Later Life Merton taught at Harvard until 1938 when he became professor and chairman of the Department of Sociology at Tulane University. In 1941 he joined the Columbia University faculty where he was named to the Universitys highest academic rank, University Professor, in 1974. In 1979 Merton retired from the University and became an adjunct faculty member at Rockefeller University and was also the first Foundation Scholar at the Russell Sage Foundation. He retired from teaching altogether in 1984. Merton received many awards and honors for his research. He was one of the first sociologists elected to the National Academy of Sciences and the first American sociologists to be elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. In 1994, he was awarded the National Medal of Science for his contributions to the field and for having founding the sociology of science. He was the first sociologist to receive the award. Throughout his career, more than 20 universities awarded him honorary degrees, including Harvard, Yale, Columbia, and Chicago as well as several universities abroad. He is also credited as the creator of the focus group research method. Merton was very passionate about the sociology of science and was interested in the interactions and importance between social and cultural structures and science. He carried out extensive research in the field, developing the Merton Thesis, which explained some of the causes of the Scientific Revolution. His other contributions to the field deeply shaped and helped developed fields such as the study of bureaucracy, deviance, communications, social psychology, social stratification, and social structure. Merton was also one of the pioneers of modern policy research, studying things such as housing projects, the use of social research by the ATT Corporation, and medical education. Among the notable concepts that Merton developed are unintended consequences, the reference group, role strain, manifest function,  role model, and self-fulfilling prophecy. Major Publications Social Theory and Social Structure (1949)The Sociology of Science (1973)Sociological Ambivalence (1976)On The Shoulders of Giants: A Shandean Postscript (1985)On Social Structure and Science References Calhoun, C. (2003). Robert K. Merton Remembered. asanet.org/footnotes/mar03/indextwo.html Johnson, A. (1995). The Blackwell Dictionary of Sociology. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers.

The components of cultural identity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The components of cultural identity - Essay Example Their understanding of just how to make a behavioral change happen and maintain it in a sustainable way is impressive. Australian companies do understand the values that underlie beneath a values-based leadership." (Human resource magazine, 2009) One of the Australia’s biggest supermarket chains is Woolworth retailers. Woolworths possess dominant position in the groceries as well as consumer interest in electronics. Woolworths Limited came in to being in 1924, first store at imperial arcade. The company has the logo of â€Å"The Fresh Food People† and it is famous throughout Aussie as key slogan to represent companies’ strategy. On 22 August 2008, Woolworth re-launched its identity as a competitive stance for modern, safer and more likeable brand. Woolworth uses aggressive promotional strategy. Woolworth realizes the importance that promoting the product before its launch in the market. Promotion brings in handsome results and profits. Woolworth makes use of comp onents of culture identity to create and market its products and services. Paragraph # 1 As define by Jamson2007 in his book class differences often define groups of people sharing common values, behavior, attitudes. Though sources of wealth might differ, the rich often share values and behavior similar to others. Woolworth knows that its elite customers value quality above all. So depending upon the demands of its customers, Woolworth creates and markets its products. Woolworth knows that for better quality products the best quality raw materials have to be use. To ensure that its products are quality approved it imposes TQM (total quality management). For special Woolies- production lines the local clothing manufacturers have to separate Woolies production lines from others in their plant. This is for ensuring proper quality control procedures and quality demand requirements. Woolworth constructs its advertising strategy considering the target market. Woolworth target status-consc ious clientele who value their reputation above everything else and measure it in terms of quality at inconsiderate price ranges. For such quality valuing class, Woolworth ensures the strategy of even at a fraction of price gets double the quality.† Such strategy of offering double quality at each penny attracts the upper class clientele, who share common values and behavior and even attitudes. Jameson2007 further points out that the prestige of social class depends on family history, celebrity, or power. As a result, Woolworth tries its best to appeal new target markets using such means. For instance, Woolworth has tried attracting more affluent clientele by introducing new product lines associated with prominent designers or celebrities. A recent example of such is the new advertising campaign of Jupiter Drawing Room in The Cape Town. Woolworth â€Å"W† Collection ads featured well-known business clientele including Seeff Properties' Samuel Seeff, Sasol's Christine Ra mon and other well-known captains of the business industry all proudly sporting the Woolies "W" Collection. It is a great advertising strategy that is been use as a testimonial route because today customers from age groups tend to more inclined towards celebrities and their choices. Paragraph#2 Organizational strategy and decision-making often needs to account for cultural differences related to density or regional

Materials&Manufacturing Report (( car body pressing )) Essay

Materials&Manufacturing Report (( car body pressing )) - Essay Example Dies is used for press blanking to the section and is specific depending on the necessity of the shape of the panel required or if there is justification in the volume of production. Blanks may be sufficient for some panels, trapezoidal, rectangular, or slightly curved shapes to be produced by line or shearing machines. The oscillating shear is a development for use since it is more flexible for the blank preparation with a stroke rate of more than 100 per minute. The blanking line includes; de-coiler, coil handling, flattener or leveller, blanking press, feeder, and stacker for blanks. The function of a corrective leveller is for the removal of; These blanks which are tailored welded for the complex panels are primed through diverse linking processes including; spot welding, laser welding, and mash-seam welding that result into better strength material that is cost effective. Pieces similar or different in gauges or materials are welded together into a single blank before the stamping process. Dense or thin or different strength groupings also result in the reduction of weight. These tailored blanks may reduce the stack tolerance and improve the dimensional accuracy of the vehicle. The inner assembly’s dimensional accuracy of a conventional door covers tolerance in the width of the steel, and the tolerances associated with piercing, stamping, and spot welding reinforcements. The improvement of accuracy is achieved by the minimization if the reinforcements. The dimensional variation of hole location in door panels have been reduced with laser welding of blanks from +/- 0.5 to +/-0.075 mm. Spot welding or seam welding may be used but for a tailored blank, the laser welding blanks are used since they provide three advantages including; However, there is a greater demand of strict control of the butt-joint pressure, the edge quality, and other parameters of laser welding that includes; welding speed, power, beam alignment,

Document analysis Declaration of the Rights of Women, 1791 Assignment

Document analysis Declaration of the Rights of Women, 1791 - Assignment Example It shows what she had to undergo and it is a shame and betrayal for the country. b. We always have to remember this article talks about what happened in 1791, so they way that men think is different than today. The women being talked about in the article seem to be so poor and less empowered compared to the modern woman. As the writer said "Marriage is the tomb of trust and love." Women needed to have more rights in the marriages. At that time women, who were married were taken as a source of impunity while those who were unmarried had feeble inheritance rights. a. This article by Olympe de Gouges was written at a time when women were generally taken to be inferior to men. Men had total dominance over the women and it was the word of the men that ruled in all contexts. Even in the marriage life, men were seen to be powerful than the women. The men were the ones who dictated how the marriages went about. In this historical context, the property that was accumulated during the course of the marriage belonged to the men (Halsall para 4). It was the men who decided how the property was shared. Men determined who inherited what property. In an attempt to correct this Olympe de Goupe came up with women right declaration is order to be able to challenge the declaration of the rights of men. She wanted to push the idea that women were not inferior to men and whatever rights the men had, women were supposed to have the rights too. This, nonetheless, did not go well with the majority who believed that women were not equal to men. b. Olympe de Goupe also wanted to ensure that the marginalized women like the widows were given their rights. This is why she says that â€Å"I would like a law which would assist widows and young girls deceived by false promises of a man to whom they are attached to† (Halsall para 5). This, she say in an attempt to empower the women by advocating for their

Analysis Of Mercadonas Internationalizing Economics Essay

Analysis Of Mercadonas Internationalizing Economics Essay Mercadona is a 100 Spanish-owned Distribution Company within the supermarket segment. It is the largest chain of supermarkets in Spain. The executive President is Juan Roig. They have the SPB ´Ã‚ ´ policy, which means in Spanish Siempre Precios Bajos ´Ã‚ ´ (Always Low Prices). They are able to offer SPB because they buy their products directly from the sources, setting up long-term agreements with manufacturers. This Model is called `The Total Quality Model ´ (Mercadona, 2010). Recent research on retailers (Esade, 2011), shows that Mercadona is the leader in the ranking of house brands that are preferred by the customers. STATEMENT ABOUT THE INTERNATIONAL PROFILE: Mercadona has establishments in many cities in Spain but has no presence overseas. In spite of the crisis, the profits of Mercadona are still growing, and they are strong enough to start internationalizing. Mercadona has increased its turnover an 8% up on the previous year and grew 4% in sales per floor area. It is possible to continue advancing and growing, even in the highly adverse times we are living in ´Ã‚ ´ (Juan Roig, Annual Report 2012). The process of internationalization of the leader supermarket network in Spain started a few years ago. Applying a strategy is very difficult and requires studies of the different target markets. Mercadona is a LSE (Large Scale Enterprises according to the EU definition) with more than 250 employees. LSEs characteristics (Sirkeci and Cawley 2012, p.5) are mainly risk-averse, focus on long-term opportunities, capacity to take advantages of economies of scales and scope and use advanced techniques for finding information. RATIONALE FOR INTERNATIONALIZATION: According to Svend Hollensen (2007, p.5), international expansion provides new and potentially more profitable markets; helps increase the firm ´s competitiveness; and facilitates access to new product ideas, manufacturing innovation and the latest technology. Mercadona is a mature and potentially global firm which capability to internationalize. It is prepared for globalization, basing in the nine strategic windows of Solberg (1997). (See appendix 2) ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS TARGET MARKETS: To decide the target market is important to consider the geographic the physic and the cultural distance (Johanson and Vahlne, 1977 cited in Hollense, S, 2007, p.244). According to the geographic distance, the nearest markets are Portugal, Morocco, Italy and France (Brief summary in appendix 3). Analyzing the physic distance, Italy is the nearest one because the culture is very similar. Portugal is also very similar, but is geographically so near than before or after, Mercadona will have presence there and it is not necessary to study the market. Analyzing Morocco is also very similar but the religion is different and this factor may difficult the expansion. France is discarded based on the physic distance and the competitive rivalry. We just have Italy, and according to Mercadona ´s characteristics this is the most interesting country (El Confidential, 2012), a very close country psychologically and geographically. The protectionist regulation could be avoided by acquiring a super market chain of the country. Mercadona has a group there, directed by Francisco Espert, which is managing purchases from suppliers and studying the characteristics of the local sector of distribution (Carlos Herranz, 2012). Mercadona is trying to find the best partner for the internationalization, maybe acquiring Esselunga ´Ã‚ ´ (A. Caparà ³s, 2006) which is very similar as Mercadona. But is so much similar that would be very difficult to change the present culture. (add other approaches to analyse the target markets) ANALYSIS OF THE CHOSEN TARGET MARKET- ITALY: Italian retail market has several key characteristics are for example highly fragmented and a limited international presence (see appendix 3). Recent research on Italy ´s Grocery (Euromonitor, 2012), grocery retailers had seen their sales increasing by 1% to 122à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ billion in 2011, although grocery retailing stores sales are expected to decline slightly over the forecast period. In spite of the financial crisis, Italy is maintaining as one of the biggest economies in the world and it is consider as a country with high standards for business, investments and trade. Mercadona, if internationalize in Italy, would be on the Northern Italy, in which the population is higher, most of the between 15 and 64 years old, that are the commonly customers in grocery. According to the political and legal factors, Italy has a stable government and nowadays they are removing several bottlenecks to facilitate bureaucratic burdens on citizens and SMEs. Finally, the technology in Italy is developed. Carrefour has self-scanning and self-payment machines, Esselunga was the first Italian supermarket chain in introducing online shopping and Coop uses ZBD ´s epaper. Mercadona will not have problems in introducing its technology in Italy. A deeply analysis of the economy, demography, politic and legal factors and technology is available in appendix 4. COMPETITORS ANALYSIS: If Mercadona decide to internationalize in Italy, It would have to compete with big retailers, like Carrefour and Auchan, and local leaders such as Coop, Conad, Esselunga y Selex. According to Graziella Ascenzi (Expansion, 2012), the Italian retailing market is very fragmented between small and big firms, with regional differences based not only in gastronomy traditions but also on households income. In the north of Italy (Target Market) there are many competitors for Mercadona. Detailed regional ´s competitors research and competitor ´s company descriptions are available in appendix 5. CUSTOMER ANALYSIS: Customers in Mercadona are known as the bosses ´Ã‚ ´ (Mercadona, 2011).Demand is driven by consumer income and demographic trends. In Italy consumers are being more interested in private labels and cut-price promotions. (Grocery Retailers in Italy, 2012). Italian consumers are moving away from expensive expenses and looking for discounted prices. This could be a competitive advantage for Mercadona, whose prices are low. Supermarket retailers have increased the private label range which helps Mercadona to introduce its house brands. Moreover, Mercadona ´s supermarkets have an average retail area of between 1300 and 1500 square meters (Mercadona, 2012), and as it is said in the research, hypermarkets with a selling space of 4,500 square meters appears to struggle to remain attractive and customers are moving towards those supermarkets bigger than 1,200 sp. meters which are often placed in more reachable areas. Here we could consider another advantage for Mercadona ´s strategy. More information is detailed in appendix 6. POTENTIAL POSITIONING: Mercadona has low prices (according to their policy SPB ´Ã‚ ´) and high quality. The main competitor in Italy (Esselunga) is situated very near so it could be more difficult for Mercadona to set up their business, but it is easier for them to face the situation with their `Total Quality Model ´. RECOMMENDATION: In my opinion, Mercadona should internationalize, starting in Italy with which Spain has very similar culture (Mediterranean Food, for example) and geographically is near too. According to a recent research in the Wall Street Journal (see appendix 7), it is strong enough to face the internationalization and the potential competitors that will have. A method could be buying a grocery retailer in the target market and learn of it before the establishment of their own brand. APPENDICES: APPENDIX 1: The company employs over 70,000 people, all of them with permanent contracts. Their goal is to satisfy the daily food , cleaning, hygiene and pet care needs of the more than 4.6 million households that do their grocery shopping at Mercadona every day ´Ã‚ ´. (Mercadona, 2012). It has establishments in 46 provinces in Spain in 15 Autonomous Communities and represents a 13.5% share of Spains total food retail space while contributing to the dynamics of the commercial environments in which they are located. The Total Quality model had been a success in terms of company growth and profitability, sustained by the success of Mercadona ´s high investments in employee training and satisfaction (Mercadona, 2010). SOURCE: adapted from Mercadona ´s Annual Report ´Ã‚ ´ (2011) Mercadona is also well-know because of the good quality of their house brands as for example Hacendado ´Ã‚ ´ that is used for food, Bosque Verde ´Ã‚ ´ used for cleaning products or Deliplus ´Ã‚ ´ for hygiene products. They buy products from a manufacturer and put their own name on the products. SOURCE: adapted from Mercadona ´s Annual Report ´Ã‚ ´ (2011) APPENDIX 2: Source: Adapted from Solberg (2007) Solberg (1997) discusses the conditions under which a company should `stay at home ´ or `strengthen the global position ´ as two extremes. (Hollensen, S, 2007). Mercadona is situated in the window number 6, mature according to the preparedness for internationalization (growth, profit and good basis for dominating the international markets) and potentially global according to the industry globalism (which is determinate by the international marketing environment). APPENDIX 3: The Italian retail market has several key characteristics. It is highly fragmented; The top 10 retailers have generated only 20% of retail sales in 2008 compared to 29% in Spain 43% in the UK. International retailers have a limited presence, although Carrefour, Auchan and Spar have all gained a place within the top 10.  Internet retailing is growing too, but has less presence than in other West European markets, accounting 2% of sales in 2008 in contrast to an average of 5% for the region as a whole (Euromonitor, 2009). Mercadona has a website in which you can buy your grocery and then that will be sent to your home. This could increase the internet retailing in Italy. Cuota+obj+Mercadona APPENDIX 4: ECONOMY: The Italy Economy is one of the most developed with a per capita GDP higher than the EU average (Economy Watch, 2010). Most of the Economy is based in the tourism; because it is the world ´s fifth most visited country in the world due to its history and culture. Because if the crisis the rate of unemployed has been on the rise in the past few years with levels of 8,4% (OCDE, 2010) with a labour force of 25,05 million (International Living, 2012). According with the World Bank, Italy has been categorizes as a country with high standards for business, investments and trade. In 2012, Italy ´s GDP was US$ 1.771,14 a bit lower than past years but it is remained one of the biggest economies in the world during the financial crisis. DEMOGRAPHY: Italy currently has the forth-largest population in the Europe Union and the 23rd-largest population worldwide (Demography in Italy, 2012). The highest density is in the Northern Italy. Milan is the most populated city in Italy with 7.4 million of citizens. About 69% of the population is between 15 and 64 years old (This range of years is the one that buy the most). 98,4% of the population is able either to read or to write. There are different religions, predominately Roman Catholic with mature Protestant and Jewish communities and a growing Muslim immigrant community. (Kmike, 2012) POLITICAL AND LEGAL FACTORS: Italy has been a democracy since the end of World War II. It is a republic in which the president is elected by popular vote. Italy has a  bicameral  legislature consisting of a 315-member Senate and a 630-member Chamber of Deputies. Taxation in Italy is quite a complicated issue because there are numerous taxes that each citizen has to pay. Moreover taxation is high, representing 43.3 percent of the GDP. However, the number and quality of the public services are some justification for high taxes, and measures to simplify the tax system have been introduced since 1998.  Income tax  accounts for 34.9 percent of total tax revenues, while  value-added tax  (VAT) contributes 35.4 percent. In addition, local governments  levy  other  indirect taxes. (Encyclopedia of the Nations, 2010) For a long time, larger chains were discouraged by the difficulty of gaining planning permission for larger format stores, but this has become easier since the reduction of planning guidelines in 1998 (Euromonitor, 2009). The current administration has removed several regulatory bottlenecks to economic activity which could increase GDP growth by around 0.3%-0.4% per year over a decade, easing bureaucratic burdens on citizens and SMEs (OCDE, 2012). TECHNOLOGY: Mercadona does not skimp in technology and it was the retailer in Spain using the scan barcodes and it owns automated logistics warehouses just outside Madrid (Computers monitor deliveries from suppliers and organise shipments to stores). Mercadona also has online shopping available at their website. In Italy, competitors use technology too. For example, Carrefour has self-scanning and self-payment machines, Esselunga Sharpens its Pricing Strategy with Oracle ® Retail Planning Platform and it was also the first supermarket to introduce the online shopping (Oracle, 2012), and Coop has introduced de ZBD ´s epaper reflecting the technological style ´ of their shops (Retail Systems, 2010). APPENDIX 5: Mercadona ´s competitors are detailed here for the different parts of Northern Italy: In Lombardy, the market is dominated by Esselunga with a 27,7% of the market share, followed by Carrefour and Auchan (10%) andCoop (8%). In Veneto, Selex is the leader with a 33,3% of the share. Far away it is followed by Despar (10,9%) and Coop (9,5%). In Piedmont Carrefour is the first supermarket with a share of 20%, in second position is Coop (18,7%) and with a 12,6% of the share it is Selex. In Friuli Venezia-Giulia, Coop controlled the 27,9% of the grocery, followed by Despar (23,3%) and Selex (10,6%). In Trentino-Alto Adige Agorà ¡, Despar and Coop covered respectively a 31,4%, 24,5% and 22,3% of the share. Finally, in Valle d ´Aosta the C3 group owners a 39,7 per cent of the market followed by Carrefour with a 27,5% and Conad with a 17,1%. COOP: Their vision is Together to the top. It motivates them to do our very best in every way, each day. Their corporate profile expresses how they perceive their work: close, diverse, distinctive, innovative and partnership-oriented. (Coop, 2012) leitbild_pyramide-en ESSELUNGA: Esselunga is a leading Italian grocery store chain, with supermarkets and hypermarkets in northern Italy. The Italian grocery chain has long been rumoured to be a takeover target of foreign retailers because it operates in some of the richest regions in Italy. The company has been busy opening new stores and remodelling existing locations. Founded in 1957,  Esselunga is owned by Supermarkets Italiani S.p.A., and controlled by its  founder and Chairman Bernardo Caprotti and  family.  (Hoovers, 2012) CARREFOUR: Over the past 40 years, the Carrefour group has grown to become one of the worlds leading distribution groups. The worlds second-largest retailer and the largest in Europe, the group currently operates four grocery store formats: hypermarkets, supermarkets, cash carry and convenience stores. The Carrefour group currently has over 9,500 stores, either company-operated or franchises. Carrefour ´s three values are: Committed, Caring and Positive that bring them closer to their customers and consumers and reflect their personality. (Carrefour, 2012) In the figure they are briefly explained the five forces of the Porter Model that could be related with Mercadona. APPENDIX 6: In Mercadona, the customers are referred as The bosses ´Ã‚ ´. The Italian consumption has raised 1,6 percent year to patterns seen before 2007. But the spending is falling down (In 2008-2009 it decreased until 1999 levels) because of the recession. Spending less on vacations, food and clothing have brought overall spending to the levels seen in 1999. The Euro zone ´s third largest economy is recovering from its post-war recession. (Deepa, B. 2011)

Judicial Process of the Supreme Court Essay -- American Government, Su

Nature’s Judicial Process in the Supreme Court consists of decision-making; based on the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. Although the Supreme Court has the capability to decide all extended cases; it also has the power to ascend under the Constitution, which allows the Supreme Court its jurisdiction in the Judicial Branch of government. The Judicial Process interpret the laws that are established in the Supreme Court; thus, allowing the Court to exercise its power by shifting its system under the Constitutional laws of the United States. Throughout the Supreme Court, many cases have been rejected and are deposed of, but the Supreme Court approves only certain cases. Thus, the Supreme Court reconciles the issue of that specific case, which is then obtained and written by the Chief Justice of the Court as the final conclusion. Cases that are controversial result in great effect in the Supreme Court. For instance, Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka in 1954 was one of the most controversial cases that the Supreme Court had to resolve; it violated the Equal Protection clause of the fourteenth Amendment. The case that violated an individual right was the case of Gideon vs. Wainwright in 1963, which violated the Sixth Amendment in a criminal case for the defendant. The case of Miranda vs. Arizona in 1966 is another controversial case that the Supreme Court had to base its judgment in order to have the individuals rights read to them due to the violation of the Fifth Amendment. Cases that are controversial have set many concerns throughout the judicial process of the Supreme Court; therefore, the progress of the people in the Judicial Branch was recognized to appreciate how far the Court has advanced and how superior in power the ... ...s considered to be encroachments to the Amendment and the Constitution. When Miranda was not told of his right to silence when asked by an officer, sparked the controversial case that convicted him of violating the Constitution even though the rights of Miranda was never read to him. Despite the fact of his rights, Miranda’s case is an issue that the Supreme Court has not faced yet. However, the case is controversial since one’s right is not informed, so in the Warren Court the affirmation of a criminal was to have his rights read despite being a criminal. If the obtainment of any items that are evident will be confiscated illegally since the right has not been addressed, so the evidence is not valid for the officer to obtain. During the time of the case, the decision was thought to cause more than controversy, but allowing criminals to set foot out of prison.